using System;

public class StringFormatting
{
    public struct Point
    {
        public int X, Y;
        public Point(int x, int y)
        {
            X = x;
            Y = y;
        }
    }

    public static void Main()
    {
        // C# offers several formatting options for various data types.
        // Here's an example with our Point struct.
        var p = new Point(1, 2);
        Console.WriteLine($"struct1: {p}");

        // To include the field names, we can use string interpolation
        // with the object's properties.
        Console.WriteLine($"struct2: {{X:{p.X}, Y:{p.Y}}}");

        // For a representation similar to source code, we can create a custom string.
        Console.WriteLine($"struct3: new Point({p.X}, {p.Y})");

        // To print the type of a value, use GetType().
        Console.WriteLine($"type: {p.GetType()}");

        // Formatting booleans is straightforward.
        Console.WriteLine($"bool: {true}");

        // There are many options for formatting integers.
        // Use D for standard, base-10 formatting.
        Console.WriteLine($"int: {123:D}");

        // This prints a binary representation.
        Console.WriteLine($"bin: {14:B}");

        // This prints the character corresponding to the given integer.
        Console.WriteLine($"char: {(char)33}");

        // X provides hexadecimal encoding.
        Console.WriteLine($"hex: {456:X}");

        // There are also several formatting options for floats.
        // For basic decimal formatting use F.
        Console.WriteLine($"float1: {78.9:F}");

        // E formats the float in scientific notation.
        Console.WriteLine($"float2: {123400000.0:E}");

        // For basic string printing, no special format is needed.
        Console.WriteLine($"str1: {"\"string\""}");

        // To print a verbatim string, use the @ symbol.
        Console.WriteLine($"str2: {@"""string"""}");

        // To print a hexadecimal representation of a string, we need to convert it manually.
        Console.WriteLine($"str3: {BitConverter.ToString("hex this"u8.ToArray()).Replace("-", "")}");

        // To print a representation of a pointer, use the address of operator &.
        unsafe
        {
            fixed (int* ptr = &p.X)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"pointer: {(IntPtr)ptr:X}");
            }
        }

        // When formatting numbers you will often want to control the width and precision.
        // To specify the width of an integer, use a number after the colon.
        Console.WriteLine($"width1: |{12,6}|{345,6}|");

        // You can also specify the width and precision of printed floats.
        Console.WriteLine($"width2: |{1.2,6:F2}|{3.45,6:F2}|");

        // To left-justify, use a negative width.
        Console.WriteLine($"width3: |{1.2,-6:F2}|{3.45,-6:F2}|");

        // You may also want to control width when formatting strings.
        Console.WriteLine($"width4: |{"foo",6}|{"b",6}|");

        // To left-justify strings, use a negative width.
        Console.WriteLine($"width5: |{"foo",-6}|{"b",-6}|");

        // String.Format can be used to format and return a string without printing it.
        string s = string.Format("sprintf: a {0}", "string");
        Console.WriteLine(s);

        // You can format and write to TextWriters other than Console.Out using Write or WriteLine.
        Console.Error.WriteLine($"io: an {"error"}");
    }
}