import java.util.Formatter;

class Point {
    int x, y;
    Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
}

public class StringFormatting {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Java offers several printing methods for formatting general Java values.
        // For example, this prints an instance of our Point class.
        Point p = new Point(1, 2);
        System.out.printf("struct1: %s%n", p);

        // If you want to include the field names, you need to override toString() in the Point class.
        // For this example, we'll use reflection to demonstrate a similar output.
        System.out.printf("struct2: %s%n", String.format("{x:%d y:%d}", p.x, p.y));

        // To print a Java syntax representation of the value, you can use
        // the getClass() method along with the field values.
        System.out.printf("struct3: %s%n", p.getClass().getSimpleName() + "{x:" + p.x + ", y:" + p.y + "}");

        // To print the type of a value, use getClass().getSimpleName().
        System.out.printf("type: %s%n", p.getClass().getSimpleName());

        // Formatting booleans is straightforward.
        System.out.printf("bool: %b%n", true);

        // There are many options for formatting integers.
        // Use %d for standard, base-10 formatting.
        System.out.printf("int: %d%n", 123);

        // This prints a binary representation.
        System.out.printf("bin: %s%n", Integer.toBinaryString(14));

        // This prints the character corresponding to the given integer.
        System.out.printf("char: %c%n", 33);

        // %x provides hex encoding.
        System.out.printf("hex: %x%n", 456);

        // There are also several formatting options for floats.
        // For basic decimal formatting use %f.
        System.out.printf("float1: %f%n", 78.9);

        // %e and %E format the float in (slightly different versions of) scientific notation.
        System.out.printf("float2: %e%n", 123400000.0);
        System.out.printf("float3: %E%n", 123400000.0);

        // For basic string printing use %s.
        System.out.printf("str1: %s%n", "\"string\"");

        // To double-quote strings, you need to escape the quotes.
        System.out.printf("str2: \"%s\"%n", "\"string\"");

        // To print a representation of a pointer, use System.identityHashCode().
        System.out.printf("pointer: %d%n", System.identityHashCode(p));

        // When formatting numbers you will often want to control the width and precision
        // of the resulting figure. To specify the width of an integer, use a
        // number after the % in the format specifier. By default the result will be
        // right-justified and padded with spaces.
        System.out.printf("width1: |%6d|%6d|%n", 12, 345);

        // You can also specify the width of printed floats, though usually you'll
        // also want to restrict the decimal precision at the same time with the
        // width.precision syntax.
        System.out.printf("width2: |%6.2f|%6.2f|%n", 1.2, 3.45);

        // To left-justify, use the - flag.
        System.out.printf("width3: |%-6.2f|%-6.2f|%n", 1.2, 3.45);

        // You may also want to control width when formatting strings,
        // especially to ensure that they align in table-like output.
        // For basic right-justified width.
        System.out.printf("width4: |%6s|%6s|%n", "foo", "b");

        // To left-justify use the - flag as with numbers.
        System.out.printf("width5: |%-6s|%-6s|%n", "foo", "b");

        // So far we've seen printf, which prints the formatted string to System.out.
        // String.format formats and returns a string without printing it anywhere.
        String s = String.format("sprintf: a %s", "string");
        System.out.println(s);

        // You can format+print to other outputs using Formatter.
        Formatter formatter = new Formatter(System.err);
        formatter.format("io: an %s%n", "error");
        formatter.close();
    }
}