class Point {
    int x, y
    
    Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x
        this.y = y
    }
    
    String toString() {
        return "{$x $y}"
    }
}

def p = new Point(1, 2)

// Groovy offers several ways to format strings. Here's how to print
// an instance of our Point class.
println "struct1: $p"

// To include field names, we can use the toString() method
println "struct2: ${p.toString()}"

// To print the type of a value, use the `class` property
println "type: ${p.class}"

// Formatting booleans is straightforward
println "bool: ${true}"

// There are many options for formatting integers
println "int: ${123}"

// This prints a binary representation
println "bin: ${Integer.toBinaryString(14)}"

// This prints the character corresponding to the given integer
println "char: ${(char)33}"

// For hex encoding
println "hex: ${Integer.toHexString(456)}"

// For basic decimal formatting of floats, use String.format()
println "float1: ${String.format('%.6f', 78.9)}"

// For scientific notation
println "float2: ${String.format('%.6e', 123400000.0)}"
println "float3: ${String.format('%.6E', 123400000.0)}"

// For basic string printing
println "str1: \"string\""

// To double-quote strings
println "str2: ${'"string"'.inspect()}"

// To print a hexadecimal representation of a string
println "str3: ${'hex this'.bytes.encodeHex()}"

// To print a representation of a reference, use `System.identityHashCode()`
println "pointer: ${System.identityHashCode(p)}"

// When formatting numbers, you can control the width and precision
println "width1: |${String.format('%6d', 12)}|${String.format('%6d', 345)}|"

// For floats, you can restrict the decimal precision
println "width2: |${String.format('%6.2f', 1.2)}|${String.format('%6.2f', 3.45)}|"

// To left-justify, use the `-` flag
println "width3: |${String.format('%-6.2f', 1.2)}|${String.format('%-6.2f', 3.45)}|"

// You can also control width when formatting strings
println "width4: |${String.format('%6s', 'foo')}|${String.format('%6s', 'b')}|"

// To left-justify strings, use the `-` flag
println "width5: |${String.format('%-6s', 'foo')}|${String.format('%-6s', 'b')}|"

// GString (Groovy's interpolated string) can be used to format and return a string
def s = "sprintf: a ${'string'}"
println s

// To print to standard error
System.err.println "io: an error"