import java.util.Formatter;

class Point {
    int x, y;
    
    Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
}

public class StringFormatting {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Java offers excellent support for string formatting in
        // the printf tradition. Here are some examples of
        // common string formatting tasks.

        // Java offers several printing "verbs" designed to
        // format general Java values. For example, this prints
        // an instance of our Point class.
        Point p = new Point(1, 2);
        System.out.printf("struct1: %s%n", p);

        // If the value is an object, the %s variant will
        // include the object's toString() representation.
        System.out.printf("struct2: %s%n", p);

        // To print the type of a value, use getClass().getName().
        System.out.printf("type: %s%n", p.getClass().getName());

        // Formatting booleans is straight-forward.
        System.out.printf("bool: %b%n", true);

        // There are many options for formatting integers.
        // Use %d for standard, base-10 formatting.
        System.out.printf("int: %d%n", 123);

        // This prints a binary representation.
        System.out.printf("bin: %s%n", Integer.toBinaryString(14));

        // This prints the character corresponding to the
        // given integer.
        System.out.printf("char: %c%n", 33);

        // %x provides hex encoding.
        System.out.printf("hex: %x%n", 456);

        // There are also several formatting options for
        // floats. For basic decimal formatting use %f.
        System.out.printf("float1: %f%n", 78.9);

        // %e and %E format the float in (slightly
        // different versions of) scientific notation.
        System.out.printf("float2: %e%n", 123400000.0);
        System.out.printf("float3: %E%n", 123400000.0);

        // For basic string printing use %s.
        System.out.printf("str1: %s%n", "\"string\"");

        // To double-quote strings, you can use %s with quotes.
        System.out.printf("str2: \"%s\"%n", "string");

        // As with integers seen earlier, %x renders
        // the string in base-16, with two output characters
        // per byte of input.
        System.out.printf("str3: %s%n", 
            javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary("hex this".getBytes()));

        // To print a representation of a pointer, use %h for hashcode.
        System.out.printf("pointer: %h%n", p);

        // When formatting numbers you will often want to
        // control the width and precision of the resulting
        // figure. To specify the width of an integer, use a
        // number after the % in the verb. By default the
        // result will be right-justified and padded with
        // spaces.
        System.out.printf("width1: |%6d|%6d|%n", 12, 345);

        // You can also specify the width of printed floats,
        // though usually you'll also want to restrict the
        // decimal precision at the same time with the
        // width.precision syntax.
        System.out.printf("width2: |%6.2f|%6.2f|%n", 1.2, 3.45);

        // To left-justify, use the - flag.
        System.out.printf("width3: |%-6.2f|%-6.2f|%n", 1.2, 3.45);

        // You may also want to control width when formatting
        // strings, especially to ensure that they align in
        // table-like output. For basic right-justified width.
        System.out.printf("width4: |%6s|%6s|%n", "foo", "b");

        // To left-justify use the - flag as with numbers.
        System.out.printf("width5: |%-6s|%-6s|%n", "foo", "b");

        // So far we've seen printf, which prints the
        // formatted string to System.out. String.format formats
        // and returns a string without printing it anywhere.
        String s = String.format("sprintf: a %s", "string");
        System.out.println(s);

        // You can format+print to other outputs using
        // Formatter with any OutputStream.
        Formatter formatter = new Formatter(System.err);
        formatter.format("io: an %s%n", "error");
        formatter.close();
    }
}