import jakarta.xml.bind.*;
import jakarta.xml.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;

// Plant will be mapped to XML. Field annotations contain directives for the
// marshaller and unmarshaller. Here we use some special features of JAXB:
// @XmlRootElement specifies the name of the XML element representing this class;
// @XmlAttribute means that the Id field is an XML attribute rather than a nested element.
@XmlRootElement(name = "plant")
class Plant {
    @XmlAttribute
    private int id;
    
    @XmlElement
    private String name;
    
    @XmlElement
    private List<String> origin;

    // Default constructor is needed for JAXB
    public Plant() {}

    public Plant(int id, String name, List<String> origin) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.origin = origin;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return String.format("Plant id=%d, name=%s, origin=%s", id, name, origin);
    }
}

public class XMLExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Plant coffee = new Plant(27, "Coffee", List.of("Ethiopia", "Brazil"));

        // Create a JAXB context and instantiate a marshaller
        JAXBContext context = JAXBContext.newInstance(Plant.class);
        Marshaller marshaller = context.createMarshaller();
        marshaller.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_FORMATTED_OUTPUT, Boolean.TRUE);

        // Marshal the plant object to XML and print to console
        System.out.println("Marshalled XML:");
        marshaller.marshal(coffee, System.out);

        // To add a generic XML header to the output, we need to use a StringWriter
        // and prepend the header manually
        java.io.StringWriter sw = new java.io.StringWriter();
        marshaller.marshal(coffee, sw);
        System.out.println("\nXML with header:");
        System.out.println("<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n" + sw.toString());

        // Use Unmarshaller to parse XML back into a Plant object
        Unmarshaller unmarshaller = context.createUnmarshaller();
        Plant p = (Plant) unmarshaller.unmarshal(new java.io.StringReader(sw.toString()));
        System.out.println("\nUnmarshalled object:");
        System.out.println(p);

        // Create a nested structure
        @XmlRootElement(name = "nesting")
        class Nesting {
            @XmlElement(name = "parent")
            private List<Plant> plants;

            public Nesting(List<Plant> plants) {
                this.plants = plants;
            }

            // Default constructor needed for JAXB
            public Nesting() {}
        }

        Plant tomato = new Plant(81, "Tomato", List.of("Mexico", "California"));
        Nesting nesting = new Nesting(List.of(coffee, tomato));

        // Marshal the nested structure
        context = JAXBContext.newInstance(Nesting.class);
        marshaller = context.createMarshaller();
        marshaller.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_FORMATTED_OUTPUT, Boolean.TRUE);

        System.out.println("\nNested structure:");
        marshaller.marshal(nesting, System.out);
    }
}